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Operando benchtop NMR study of ion transport through fluorine-free polymer membranes in a symmetric redox flow cell
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This study demonstrates that fluorine-free sulfonated biphenyl-isatin polymers are promising membrane materials for redox flow batteries, offering a more sustainable alternative to perfluorinated membranes while maintaining strong electrochemical performance. In parallel, the implementation of an operando benchtop NMR method enables atomic-specific monitoring of ion transport through the membrane, providing quantitative insights into Li⁺ charge-balancing mechanisms even in the presence of paramagnetic species. Together, these results highlight the potential of combining advanced membrane design with NMR-based analytical approaches to improve understanding and control of electrochemical systems
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Giu A. Silva Testa, Marta Santos Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Martínez-López, Ángel E. Lozano, Cristina Álvarez, Javier Carretero-González, Evan Wenbo Zhao
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Journal of Materials Chemistry A
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02/2026
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Operando Benchtop NMR Quantifies Carbonation, Water Crossover, and Liquid Products for High-Current Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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This study demonstrates that inline operando NMR is a feasible and effective analytical approach for monitoring electrochemical CO₂ reduction under industrially relevant high-current conditions. By enabling real-time tracking of electrolyte dynamics, including pH shifts, bicarbonate accumulation, and water crossover, this method provides critical insights into performance degradation and reaction pathways. As an accessible benchtop technique, operando NMR offers a valuable tool to support the optimization and control of electrochemical systems across a wide range of catalyst and reactor configurations.
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Zhiyu Zhu, Kaan Zeki Çolakhasanoĝlu, Ruud L.E.G. Aspers, Joris Meurs, Simona M. Cristescu, Thomas Burdyny, Evan Wenbo Zhao
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ACS Catalysis
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07/2025
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Coupled Benchtop NMR and EPR Spectroscopy Reveals the Electronic Structure of Viologen Radicals in a Redox Flow Battery
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This study demonstrates that a dual benchtop Flow NMR and EPR approach is an effective methodology for investigating molecular-level processes in viologen-based redox flow batteries. By enabling operando characterization of radical species, including electron spin density and π-dimer formation, this combined technique provides detailed insights into reaction mechanisms and stability during battery operation. As an accessible and flexible analytical platform, it offers valuable capabilities to support the understanding and optimization of organic redox systems and a broad range of electrochemical applications.
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Giu A. Silva Testa, Mathijs A. Damhuis, Tom Speelman, Kim Baas, Johannes A. A. W. Elemans, Evan Wenbo Zhao
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ACS Electrochemistry
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09/2025
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